Approximately 1 in 5 people in the UK have developed some form of respiratory condition, with over half of them needing to take some form of treatment, such as inhalers, to control the condition. Respiratory condition may also be known as lung disease/disorder and pulmonary disease.
The respiratory tract is the system that allows you to breathe air into your lungs and out again. When talking about the respiratory tract, we include the throat, the trachea (known as the windpipe) and the lungs.
Respiratory conditions may be caused by:
- infection
- smoking tobacco or breathing in second-hand tobacco smoke
- exposure to chemicals or air pollution such as radon or asbestos
- workplace exposure such as wood dust, isocyanates and flour dust
Work-related respiratory conditions cover a range of illnesses that are caused or made worse by breathing in hazardous substances that damage the lungs such as dusts, fumes and gases. The most prevalent of these conditions are chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma and silicosis.
Some workplace settings and job roles are more at risk of respiratory conditions. These include:
- welders
- quarry and stone workers
- construction workers
- vehicle paint sprayers
- bakers
If the cause of the respiratory condition is thought to be work-related, then, as the employer, you have a duty of care to ensure that you control the risks and prevent exposure as much as is reasonably practicable. Get more information on what you need to do to protect your staff on our breathing pages.
There are various different types of respiratory condition. Some of the common ones include:
- asthma
- occupational asthma
- chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
- lung cancer
- mesothelioma
- pneumonia
The symptoms of a respiratory condition differ slightly depending on which type the person has and which part of the respiratory system is affected, but the most common symptoms include:
- persistent cough or wheeze
- shortness of breath on exertion
- feeling of tightness to your chest
- coughing up mucus
- frequent chest infections or colds and flu
The symptoms vary from person to person, and can be worse in the winter months when people are more susceptible to colds and flu. Implementing support in the workplace, and an understanding of the condition and the possible symptoms and triggers, is useful.
Diagnosis of a respiratory condition
The GP may ask them to go for a chest x-ray or carry out a test called spirometry which is a non-invasive test to assess lung function, this test can be carried out in the GP practice if available. They may also carry out an arterial blood test, which is blood from an artery rather than a vein to measure blood gases (oxygen, carbon dioxide and others).
These tests help the medical practitioner (GP or other) to diagnose respiratory conditions and determine what treatment would work best.
Treatment of respiratory conditions
Treatment can ease the symptoms, prevent complications and slow disease progression. Medication may include inhalers that include bronchodilators to help relax the muscles of the airway, and help widen them so you can breathe easier. These can also be given via a nebuliser. These might cause other side effects that you might need to consider in the workplace.
They may also be prescribed oxygen therapy if their blood oxygen levels are too low, and may be given a portable unit to help maintain normal activity. If this is the case, then you would need to also consider your fire and emergency arrangements in your risk assessment process.
Your employee may have more than one health care provider treating them including the GP and respiratory specialists, and depending on the type of respiratory condition. For example, with lung cancer, they may need to be seen by a surgical consultant and oncologist.
How to support employees in the workplace
You may find employees with a diagnosis of respiratory condition may have increased levels of sickness absence, especially in the winter months, or they may need to attend the hospital, their GP or their specialist more frequently than those without the health condition.
Authorised absence, outwith the normal organisation sickness absence triggers, should be considered an appropriate adjustment under the Equality Act 2010. This would be identified within your Supporting Staff Attendance policy.
If you feel your policy doesn’t include this, you can get support from our Supporting staff attendance pages.
Other areas that you can consider when supporting an employee with a respiratory condition may include:
- fluctuating health and stamina levels which may affect them more if they do shift work or full-time hours
- does their medication have side effects that you need to consider when looking at their job role and their work rotas
- can they safely use their medication in the workplace ie an inhaler
- if they are prescribed portable oxygen, you should review your risk assessments including fire
- the nature of the work they do, is it physically demanding for them, and can they be redeployed or their duties amended to allow them to continue to work?
- review the risk assessments for the job they do, consider if your employee is working alone and how they would call for help if they became unwell
- do they drive as part of their job role. If so, do you need to inform the DVLA and insurance company of their diagnosis?
- do you have contingency plans in place if your employee becomes unwell, becomes ill at work and/or is unable to remain at work? It might be worth reviewing your first aid arrangements
- encourage them to get the flu vaccine which should be available free of charge for them via their GP practice
Key sources of support
- Information from the British Lung Foundation (external site)
- Information on respiratory conditions from the Health and Safety Executive (external site)
- Information on respiratory conditions from NHS UK (external site)
- Information fom respirratory conditions and driving from the UK government (external site)
- Information from Access to Work (external site)
COVID-19
Due to Coronavirus (COVID-19), there may be further support required for your employee who has a health condition due to respiratory conditions.
They may be in the category identified by the Scottish Government at very high risk of severe illness from COVID-19. To protect themselves, they have been issued with a letter informing them of shielding (external site) and what this means for them.
Within this shielding letter, there is lots of information on support for them. They can also use this to provide evidence to you as their employer that they cannot work outside their own home.
If they have not received a letter requesting them to follow shielding protocol, you may find that they still fall into a category of higher risk. This can be identified by the fact they get offered the flu vaccine by their GP. They do not need to accept this offer, but they need to have been classified by their GP as needing it because of their health condition.